Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 258 Simmons, Nancy B.; Conway, Tenley M.
The Bulletin, published continuously since 1881, consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology, paleontology, and geology. Current numbers are published at irregular intervals. The Bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers, while longer works appeared in the Memoirs. However, in the 1920s, the Memoirs ceased and the Bulletin series began publishing longer papers. A new series, the Novitates , published short papers describing new forms.
Mormoopidae is a small family of Neotropical microchiropteran bats that includes two genera (Mormoops and Pteronotus) and ten species, two of which are known only from fossils. Mormoopidae is typically classified as a member of Noctilionoidea, a group that minimally includes two other Neotropical families (Phyllostomidae and Noctilionidae) and may also include Mystacinidae, a taxon endemic to New Zealand and Australia. Phylogenetic relationships of extant mormoopid species and one extinct taxon, Pteronotus pristinus, were investigated in a series of parsimony analyses of 209 morphological characters including features of the skull, dentition, vomeronasal organ complex and brain, trachea and hyoid apparatus, tongue, face, ears, pelage, patagia, postcranial skeleton, postcranial myology, reproductive tract, and digestive tract. Three extant phyllostomid species, two noctilionids, two mystacinids, and one emballonurid species were included as outgroups to test monophyly of Mormoopidae and to provide a context for determining the sister group of the family. Results of parsimony analyses under a variety of different assumption sets indicate that Mormoopidae is monophyletic, and that Pteronotus and Mormoops are monophyletic sister taxa. Within the genus Pteronotus, several clades were repeatedly recovered: (1) P. davyi + P. gymnonotus (= subgenus Pteronotus); (2) P. macleayi + P. quadridens; (3) P. personatus + P. macleayi + P. quadridens (= subgenus Chilonycteris); (4) P. parnellii + P. pristinus + P. personatus + P. macleayi + P. quadridens; and (5) P. parnellii + P. pristinus (= subgenus Phyllodia). These results support monophyly of all subgenera of Pteronotus previously recognized, and additionally indicate that the subgenera Pteronotus and Chilonycteris are sister taxa. Comprehensive diagnoses for each species and clade of Mormoopidae are provided based on character optimizations and ancillary morphometric data from the literature. Results of our parsimony analyses also have implications for understanding higher-level phylogeny of noctilionoid bats. Monophyly of each of the traditionally recognized families (i.e., Noctilionidae, Mystacinidae, Mormoopidae, and Phyllostomidae) was strongly supported. In congruence with recent analyses of mitochondrial gene-sequence data and DNA hybridization experiments, we found strong support for inclusion of Mystacinidae in Noctilionoidea. Using an emballonurid species to root the tree, we found the following interfamilial relationships of noctilionoids: (Noctilionidae (Mystacinidae (Phyllostomidae, Mormoopidae))). Lists of morphological synapomorphies of each of these groups are provided based on character optimizations"--P. 3.
The Bulletin, published continuously since 1881, consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology, paleontology, and geology. Current numbers are published at irregular intervals. The Bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers, while longer works appeared in the Memoirs. However, in the 1920s, the Memoirs ceased and the Bulletin series began publishing longer papers. A new series, the Novitates , published short papers describing new forms.
Phylogeny of phyllostomid bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : data from diverse morphological systems, sex chromosomes, and restriction sites. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 248 Wetterer, Andrea L.; Rockman, Matthew V.; Simmons, Nancy B. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1595 Date: 2000 Abstract: "Phyllostomidae is a large (> 140 species), diverse clade of Neotropical bats. Different species in this family feed on blood, insects, vertebrates, nectar, pollen, and fruits. We investigated phylogenetic relationships among all genera of phyllostomid bats and tested monophyly of several genera (e.g., Micronycteris, Mimon, Artibeus, Vampyressa) using 150 morphological, karyological, and molecular characters. Results of parsimony analyses of these combined data indicate that all traditionally recognized phyllostomid subfamilies are monophyletic and that most taxa that share feeding specializations form clades. These results largely agree with studies that have used a taxonomic congruence approach to evaluate karyological, immunological, and limited sets of morphological characters, although our finding that Phyllostominae is monophyletic is novel. Our results indicate that several genera (Micronycteris, Artibeus, Vampyressa) are not monophyletic. We propose a new classification for Phyllostomidae that better reflects hypothesized evolutionary relationships. Important features of this new classification include: (1) formal recognition of two clades that group nectarivorous and frugivorous subfamilies, respectively, (2) redefinition of Glossophaginae and recognition of two tribal-level taxa within that subfamily, (3) recognition of several tribal-level taxa in Phyllostominae, (4) formal recognition of two clades that have been colloquially referred to as 'short-faced' and 'long-faced' stenodermatines, (5) elevation of the subgenera of Micronycteris to generic rank, (6) recognition of Mesophylla as a junior synonym of Ectophylla, (7) recognition of Enchisthenes as a distinct genus, and (8) retention of Dermanura and Koopmania as subgenera of Artibeus. Although Vampyressa is not monophyletic in our tree, we recommend no nomenclatural change because we did not include all Vampyressa species in our study. Comparisons of character and taxonomic congruence approaches indicate that character congruence provides improved resolution of relationships among phyllostomids. Many data sets are informative only at limited hierarchical levels or in certain portions of the phyllostomid tree. Although both chromosomal and immunological data provide additional support for several clades that we identified, these data sets are incongruent with many aspects of our phylogenetic results. These conflicts may be due to methodological constraints associated with the use of karyological and immunological data (e.g., problems with assessing homologies and distinguishing primitive from derived traits). Among other observations, we find that Macrotus waterhousii, which has been thought to have the primitive karyotype for the family, nests well within the phyllostomine clade. This suggests that results of previous analyses of chromosomal data may need to be reevaluated. Mapping characters and behaviors on our phylogenetic tree provides a context for evaluating hypotheses of evolution in Phyllostomidae. Although previous studies of uterine evolution in phyllostomids and other mammals have generally supported the unidirectional progressive fusion hypothesis, our results indicate that intermediate stages of external uterine fusion are often derived relative to the fully simplex condition, and that reversals also occur with respect to internal uterine fusion. Uterine fusion therefore appears to be neither completely unidirectional nor progressive in Phyllostomidae. Evolution of the vibrissae and noseleaf is similarly complex and homoplasy is common in these structures; however, many transformations in these systems diagnose clades of phyllostomids. Within Phyllostomidae, there is considerable derived reduction in numbers of vibrissae present in various vibrissal clusters. The phyllostomid noseleaf seems to have become a much more elaborate and complex structure over evolutionary time. Primitively within the family, the spear was short, the internarial region was flat, and the horseshoe was undifferentiated from the upper lip. Subsequently, within the various subfamilies, the spear became more elongate, the central rib and other internarial structures evolved, and the labial horseshoe became flaplike or cupped in some taxa. Dietary evolution in phyllostomids appears somewhat more complex than previously thought. We find that most of the major dietary guilds (e.g., frugivory, sanguivory) are represented by a single large clade within Phyllostomidae, indicating that each feeding specialization evolved once. However, reversals do occur (e.g., loss of nectar- and pollen-feeding in many phyllostomines and stenodermatines), and some specializations may have evolved more than once (e.g., carnivory)"--P. 4.
The Bulletin, published continuously since 1881, consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology, paleontology, and geology. Current numbers are published at irregular intervals. The Bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers, while longer works appeared in the Memoirs. However, in the 1920s, the Memoirs ceased and the Bulletin series began publishing longer papers. A new series, the Novitates , published short papers describing new forms.
(Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 353) 2011. 140 pp. Tejedor, Adrian. For much of the last third of the 20th century, the diversity of funnel-eared bats (family Natalidae) was underestimated. Although as many as four genera and 11 species were recognized by the mid 20th century, by the 1980s the family was traditionally listed as comprising a single genus of four or five species. In the past decade, the taxonomy of Natalidae has been updated by the discovery of new extant and fossil taxa, the rediscovery of taxa thought to be extinct, and the revalidation of old synonyms at the genus and species levels on the basis of new morphological and molecular evidence. Here, I provide a complete taxonomic revision of Natalidae based on the examination of all taxa described thus far within the family. Thirteen species are recognized here, including an extinct form. New diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations are provided for each species, including summaries of published information on their natural history, discussions of their conservation status, and an illustrated identification key. The Natalidae appears to be an adaptively diverse clade of bats with distinct ecomorphs in terms of food acquisition, food processing, and mating systems.
Two new bats, Eptesicus and Mops, from Angola. American Museum novitates ; no. 916 Hill, John Eric, 1907-; Lang, Herbert, 1879-1957.; Bradley, Lee S.; Vernay Angola Expedition (1925); Phipps-Bradley Expedition (1932-1933). 1937
A revision of the genus Emballonura (Chiroptera). American Museum novitates ; no. 1035 Tate, G. H. H. (George Henry Hamilton), 1894-1953.; Archbold, Richard.; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1933-1934); Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1936-1937); Whitney South Sea Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1920-1941) 1939.
A new bat of the Rhinolophus philippinensis group from Mount Ruwenzori, Africa. American Museum novitates ; no. 1180 Hill, John Eric, 1907-; Ruwenzori-Kivu Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1926-1927). 1942.
Geographical distribution of the bats in the Australasian Archipelago. American Museum novitates ; no. 1323 Tate, G. H. H. (George Henry Hamilton), 1894-1953. 1946.
Mammals from Guatemala : with the description of a new little brown bat. American Museum novitates ; no. 1744 Goodwin, George Gilbert.; Larson, Tom. 1955.
The identity of bats (genus Myotis) collected in Arizona by Miller, Price, and Condit in 1894. American Museum novitates ; no. 2140 Koopman, Karl F.; Miller, Gerrit S. (Gerrit Smith), 1869-1956.; Price, William W.; Condit, B. C.; Price Expedition to Arizona (1894). 1963
A systematic revision of Macrotus (Chiroptera). American Museum novitates ; no. 2212 Anderson, Sydney, 1927-; Nelson, Craig E. (Craig Eugene), 1940- "Among 810 specimens of bats of the genus Macrotus (Phyllostomatidae) that were studied are specimens representing populations both geographically and morphologically intermediate between the three nominal species recognized in recent years. Specimens from Sinaloa are intergrades between Macrotus californicus and Macrotus mexicanus, and specimens from Cuba are intergrades between M. mexicanus and M. waterhousii. Therefore, we conclude that a single species, Macrotus waterhousii, having seven subspecies, ranges from California south to Guatemala on the mainland and occurs on most West Indian islands east to Hispaniola. Secondary sexual dimorphism was not detected. Only adults were used in geographic comparisons. Individual variation is described. Various degrees of intraspecific differences are described, and the relevance of the subspecies concept is discussed. Synonymies, ranges, types, detailed comments, and lists of specimens are included in the Accounts of subspecies" 1965
Bats of Bolivia : an annotated checklist. American Museum novitates ; no. 2750 Anderson, Sydney, 1927-; Koopman, Karl F.; Creighton, G. Ken. Abstract: "A list of 79 species of bats known by Bolivian specimens is annotated with references to the literature (for species previously reported) or with specimens forming the basis for listing (in the case of 18 species reported for the first time here). A gazetteer of localities, lists of specimens and tables of measurements for a number of species that were previously unknown or poorly known from Bolivia are included". 1982
Bats of the Virgin Islands in relation to those of the Greater and Lesser Antilles. American Museum novitates ; no. 2581 Koopman, Karl F. Abstract: "The bats of the Virgin Islands (including Vieques and Culebra) are discussed in relation to distribution, feeding, and roosting habits. The bat fauna of these islands is compared with those of the northern Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico and it is concluded that the Virgin Island bat fauna is a depauperate derivative of that of Puerto Rico. Of the eight passages of bat species here discussed between the Greater and Lesser Antilles, four probably went from west to east, three from east to west, and one is indeterminate" 1975.
New material of Vespertiliavus Schlosser (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and suggested relationships of emballonurid bats based on cranial morphology. Barghoorn, Steven F. American Museum novitates ; no. 2618 "Two previously undescribed skulls of Vespertiliavus Schlosser have occasioned close examination of emballonurid and other chiropteran cranial morphology in order to assess its usefulness for elucidating phylogenetic relationships within the Emballonuridae. A Ludian to Sannoisian age for the fossils, from the Quercy Phosphorites of France, suggests that many features of the basicranium and ear region, seen also in closely related genera, are ancient and have changed little in the course of later Tertiary evolution. The distribution of skull characters leads to a somewhat tentative hypothesis of relationships, allying the fossil genus more closely to some living emballonurids than to others. Skull characters can be used to relate these and other chiropterans, but with difficulty" 1977.
Bat records from Upper Volta, West Africa. American Museum novitates ; no. 2643 Koopman, Karl F.; Mumford, Russell E.; Heisterberg, Jon F. "The bats of Upper Volta are reviewed, based chiefly on previously unreported material. For the 27 species recognized, locality, habitat, and reproductive data are given. Taxonomic notes are added where necessary, and the distributional patterns in Upper Volta are considered in relation to the vegetation belts in West Africa. All but two species occur in the Sudan savanna, but nearly half of these also occur in the Guinea savanna, to which the two additonal species appear to be confined. Several species reach the Sahel savanna. Whereas 12 species are recorded from Upper Volta for the first time, only two represent significant range extensions: Pipistrellus deserti south from Algeria and Tadarida demonstrator west from Sudan. A gazetteer of bat collecting localities in Upper Volta is included"- 1978.
Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum novitates ; no. 2651 Koopman, Karl F. "The known distribution of each of 122 species of bats from Peru is summarized. The Andean mountain chain affects these distributions both as a barrier and as a creator of habitat differentiation. Three main distributional areas are distinguished, the humid Amazonian lowlands (below 1000 m.), the highlands within the Amazonian drainage (above 1000 m.), and the chiefly arid Pacific slopes. Some complications occur in northwestern Peru, where the Pacific slopes (particularly the higher portions) are not arid, there are a few relatively low passes across the Andes, and the upper portions of certain Amazonian tributaries are arid. Instances of ecological (including altitudinal) replacement and specific or subspecific representation between the major ecological zones are discussed" 1978.
Systematics of the New World nectar-feeding bats (Mammalia, Phyllostomidae), based on the morphology of the hyoid and lingual regions. American Museum novitates ; no. 2742 Griffiths, Thomas Alan. "Dissection and histological examination of the hyoid and lingual regions of the New World nectar-feeding bats reveal marked modification of the tongue-retractor musculature (Mm. sternohyoideus, geniohyoideus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and genioglossus) and modification of the internal and external tongue structure from the conditions found in non-nectar-feeding bats. Use of these derived characters in a cladistic analysis leads to the phylogenetic hypothesis that nectivory evolved twice independently in the family Phyllostomidae. One group of nectar-feding phyllostomids, comprising the genera Lonchophylla, Lionycteris, and Platalina (traditionally considered glossophagines) deserves separate subfamilial status based on the markedly different adaptations for nectivory observed. The other group, comprising the remaining 10 glossophagine genera (Glossophaginae, sensu stricto), plus Phyllonycteris, Erophylla, and perhaps Brachyphylla form a monophyletic group. Within the newly restricted subfamily Glossophaginae there are two major clades. One clade is composed of Glossophaga, Monophyllus, and surprisingly, Lichonycteris. The other is composed of the more derived nectar-feeding genera: Leptonycteris, Anoura, Hylonycteris, Choeroniscus, Choeronycteris, and probably, Scleronycteris and Musonycteris. Interestingly, both karyotypic evidence, and evidence from dental and basicranial studies, can be interpreted to support the phylogeny presented here"--P. 1982.
Bats from eastern Papua and the East Papuan islands. American Museum novitates ; no. 2747 "The bat fauna of eastern Papua, including Central, Northern, and Milne Bay provinces on the mainland and the Louisiade, D'Entrecasteaux, and Trobriand archipelagos, is reviewed. Five families, 23 genera, and 45 species are known from the area. Forty species are known from the mainland or continental islands and 23 from from one or another island (or islands) of the three archipelagos. Only six species occur on the islands but not on the mainland and only two of these (Dobsonia pannietensis, Kerivoula agnella) are endemic. Most of the insular species for which precise affinities can be determined show closest relationship to mainland populations, but a few have their affinities with those of the Bismarcks or Solomons. Most of the East Papuan mainland species are apparently confined to the lowlands. The East Papuan highland bat fauna is seemingly depauperate compared with that of more extensive highland areas to the northwest. There is only one documented case of altitudinal variation within a species (Pipistrellus) and only one of altitudinal replacement among close relatives (Tadarida). A new subspecies, Rhinolophus megaphyllus vandeuseni, is described"1982.
Bats of Bolivia : an annotated checklist. American Museum novitates ; no. 2750 Anderson, Sydney, 1927-; Koopman, Karl F.; Creighton, G. Ken. "A list of 79 species of bats known by Bolivian specimens is annotated with references to the literature (for species previously reported) or with specimens forming the basis for listing (in the case of 18 species reported for the first time here). A gazetteer of localities, lists of specimens and tables of measurements for a number of species that were previously unknown or poorly known from Bolivia are included"- 1982.
Taxonomic and distributional notes on tropical Australian bats. American Museum novitates ; no. 2778 Koopman, Karl F., 1984. "The bats of tropical Australia are reviewed with some 51 species recognized, though a few are very poorly known. A new subspecies, Pipistrellus tenuis westralis is described and Rhinolophus megaphyllus ignifer is synonymized with R. m. megaphyllus. The two previously recognized subspecies of Macroderma gigas are also synonymized. A majority of tropical Australian bats are restricted to mesic areas, but a number are more or less and tolerant. Only one species (Taphozous hilli) actually avoids mesic areas. The Cape York Peninsula has the greatest number of species with a falling off in numbers to the west and south. Of the three areas adjacent to tropical Australia, New Guinea shares a large number of species, whereas temperate Australia and the Lesser Sunda Islands share relatively few. New Guinea has probably been an important source area for tropical Australian bats, particularly those confined to the Cape York Peninsula. The low level of endemism among Australian bats strongly implies that there were no bats in Australia prior to the Miocene, when Australia drifted far enough to the north to be able to receive species occurring on the extended Malay archipelago. Since then some low level endemism and adaptive radiation has developed in Australia"
A morphometric analysis of Carollia (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). American Museum novitates ; no. 2791 McLellan, Laura John. "The species of bats in the genus Carollia present a complex pattern of morphological variation which complicates identification of species. I examined sexual and geographic variation in cranial and mandibular measurements of 475 specimens of Carollia selected to represent the geographic range of each species in the genus: brevicauda, castanea, perspicillata, and subrufa. All species were easily separated by canonical variates analysis, with C. castanea being the most distinctive. Sexual dimorphism is present in all species and males consistently are larger than females. Significant differences are present among populations in all species. Carollia subrufa and C. brevicauda have morphologically distinct populations in the northern and southern portions of their range, whereas different populations of C. castanea sampled show no clear geographic pattern. Character values from samples of C. perspicillata form a continuum with non-overlapping values from the northernmost and southernmost portions of their geographic range" 1984.
Bats of Guana, British Virgin Islands. American Museum novitates ; no. 2819 "Three species of bats are newly recorded from Guana Island, north of Tortola: Artibeus j. jamaicensis, Molossus molossus fortis, and Brachyphylla cavernarum indet. The known range of B. cavernarum is extended about 20 km northeastward in the Virgin Islands. Guana, at 297 ha and 266 m, is the smallest island in the Antilles with three species. Island elevation seems more important than area in determining bat species diversity in the Virgin Islands"- 1985
Systematic notes on Liberian bats. American Museum novitates ; no. 2946 Koopman, Karl F. "Based on previously unreported material, 32 species of bats are recorded from Liberia, bringing the total species known for that country to 52. The following species are recorded from Liberia for the first time: Rhinolophus guineensis, Hipposideros fuliginosus, Myotis tricolor (first record for western Africa), Pipistrellus eisentrauti, 'Eptesicus' brunneus, Glauconycteris poensis, Mops brachyptera, and M. spurrelli. Other noteworthy findings are the confirmation of an unusually large form of Rhinolophus clivosus from tropical western Africa (here described as a new subspecies), the revelation of additional complexity in what is here called Hipposideros ruber, clarification of the distinction between H. caffer and H. beatus, and a discussion of the problems of distinguishing Mops spurrelli and M. nanulus. It is clear that a large number of forest species, some basically East African, have been able to extend as far west as Liberia and probably to the western limits of the high forest" 1989
Biological observations on a collection of New Guinea Syconycteris australis (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum novitates ; no. 3024 Lawrence, Marie A. 1991.
Systematic notes on a collection of bats from Halmahera (Indonesia, Moluccas). American Museum novitates ; no. 3035 Koopman, Karl F.; Gordon, Linda K. 1992.
Systematics of megadermatid bats (Chiroptera, Megadermatidae) : based on hyoid morphology. American Museum novitates ; no. 3041 Griffiths, Thomas Alan.; Truckenbrod, Allison.; Sponholtz, Pamela J. 1992.
Morphology, function, and phylogenetic significance of pubic nipples in bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera). American Museum novitates ; no. 3077, Simmons, Nancy B. 1993.
Phylogenetic systematics of slit-faced bats (Chiroptera, Nycteridae) : based on hyoid and other morphology. American Museum novitates ; no. 3090 Griffiths, Thomas Alan. 1994.
Extinction and biogeography of bats on 'Eua, Kingdom of Tonga. American Museum novitates ; no. 3125 Koopman, Karl F.; Steadman, David W. "Prehistoric bones from caves on the island of 'Eua, Kingdom of Tonga, document the former presence of the megachiropterans Pteropus tonganus, Pteropus samoensis, and Notopteris macdonaldi and the microchiropterans Emballonura semicaudata and Chaerephon jobensis. Of these five species of bats, only Pteropus tonganus and Emballonura semicaudata still occur on 'Eua or anywhere else in Tonga. Bones of all five species occur in sediments that predate the arrival of humans on 'Eua (i.e., those more than 3500-3000 years old) as well as in younger deposits. The extinction of bat species on 'Eua, as with the two species of lizards and 23 species of land birds, is probably related to human impact" 1995.
The bats of Liberia : systematics, ecology and distribution. American Museum novitates ; no. 3148 Koopman, Karl F.; Kofron, Christopher Patrick, 1952-; Chapman, Angela, 1951-. 1995.
A new species of Micronycteris (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from northeastern Brazil : with comments on phylogenetic relationships. American Museum novitates ; no. 3158 Simmons, Nancy B. 1996.
A revision of Centronycteris Gray (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) with notes on natural history. American Museum novitates ; no. 3239 Simmons, Nancy B.; Handley, Charles O. (Charles Overton), 1924- "Centronycteris is a genus of rare Neotropical emballonurid bats that ranges from southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil. Although this taxon has been known to scientists for over 175 years, few specimens exist in museum collections. The last revision of the genus (Sanborn, 1936) recognized one species and two subspecies. Based on a sample of specimens four times greater than was available to Sanborn, we find that Centronycteris comprises at least two species, C. maximiliani Fischer and C. centralis Thomas, which are easily distinguished on the basis of craniodental morphology. Centronycteris maximiliani ranges from southeastern Brazil to the Guianas, and west through northern Brazil and southern Venezuela; C. centralis ranges from Peru north through Central America to southern Mexico. Both species are known principally from lowland primary rainforest habitats, although C. centralis also occurs up to 1450 m. Aside from limited information on roost sites and reproduction, little else is known about the natural history of these rare bats. A review of published hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships of emballonurids suggests that Centronycteris is most closely related to other Neotropical taxa, but there is no consensus regarding identity of its sister taxon" 1998
The taxonomic status of Lasiurus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in the Galapagos Islands. American Museum novitates ; no. 3243 Koopman, Karl F.; McCracken, Gary F. "Morphological comparisons of the endemic Galapagos bat Lasiurus brachyotis with related taxa indicate that L. brachyotis should be recognized as a subspecies of L. borealis. Morphology suggests that other recognized taxa of the L. borealis group, including blossevilli, degelidus, frantzii, minor, pfeifferi, seminolus, teliotis, and varius are members of the same species. Specimens of the only other bat inhabiting the Galapagos are allocated to Lasiurus cinereus villosissimus"1998
A new Amazonian species of Micronycteris (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) with notes on the roosting behavior of sympatric congeners. American Museum novitates ; no. 3358 Simmons, Nancy B.; Voss, Robert S.; Fleck, David William, 1969- "Micronycteris sensu stricto is a diverse group of small to medium-sized phyllostomid bats characterized by large rounded pinnae that are connected at the base by an interauricular band of skin. Eight species are currently recognized, including three with dark venters (hirsuta, megalotis, microtis) and five with pale venters (brosseti, sanborni, schmidtorum, minuta, homezi). As many as seven species can occur sympatrically at Amazonian localities. In this paper we describe a new dark-bellied species from the lowlands of northeastern Peru and document its diagnostic external and craniodental characters. We also summarize information about diurnal roosting habitats for the new species and its Amazonian congeners, and we emphasize the importance of nonconventional collecting methods for future studies of phyllostomine diversity in Neotropical rainforests"2002.
A revision of extant Greater Antillean bats of the genus Natalus. American Museum novitates ; no. 3493 Tejedor, Adrian; Tavares, Valeria da C.; Silva Taboada, Gilberto "The taxonomy of the genus Natalus in the Greater Antilles has been controversial for decades. Although as many as three taxa of Natalus (sensu stricto) were described for the Greater Antilles, the main source of disagreement was whether Natalus major (thought to be distributed in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica) is a species distinct from Natalus stramineus. The Cuban form of Natalus, previously known only from incomplete fossils, has been largely excluded from the debate surrounding the taxonomic status of N. major. The discovery of an extant population of the Cuban Natalus prompted a reanalysis of species limits among Natalus in the Greater Antilles. In this paper, we show that the genus Natalus is represented in the Greater Antilles by three distinct extant species, each endemic to a single island. We also summarize information about the natural history of these species and emphasize the importance of taking immediate conservation action for their protection" 2005.
Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic harpy fruit bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) ; American Museum novitates, no. 3533 Giannini, Norberto P.; Almeida, Francisca Cunha.; Simmons, Nancy B.; DeSalle, Rob. "Harpy fruit bats, two closely related species in the genus Harpyionycteris (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), exhibit a suite of unique craniodental traits. For this reason, the affinities of these bats have remained unclear, and most systematists have placed them in a group of their own (Harpyionycterinae Miller, 1907). The multicuspidate pattern of the cheek teeth in Harpyionycteris has generated speculation that it may represent an ancestral tribosphenic pattern lost in other pteropodids. In this contribution we propose a phylogenetic placement of Harpyionycteris based on parsimony analysis of complete sequences from two coding genes, the nuclear vWF (exon 28) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b). Both datasets, independently and in combination, strongly support a close relationship between Harpyionycteris and Dobsonia, as originally proposed by Andersen (1912, Catalogue of Chiroptera, British Museum Trustees). In turn, this group nests deeply inside Pteropodidae but it is not closely related to any particular suprageneric clade. Based on other data, we postulate that Aproteles also belongs in this group and therefore propose the expansion of Harpyionycterinae to include Harpyionycteris, Aproteles, and Dobsonia. Regarding the dentition, our results strongly reject the tribosphenic hypothesis advanced by some authors. The multicuspidate cheek tooth pattern seen in Harpyionycteris appears uniquely derived and related to specialized feeding habits and it thus has no direct bearing on the evolution of the typical pteropodid dentition from the tribosphenic pattern of microchiropterans and other mammals"- 2006
Element homology and the evolution of dental formulae in megachiropteran bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) ; American Museum novitates, no. 3559 Giannini, Norberto P.; Simmons, Nancy B. 2007. "Variation in dental formulae observed in megachiropteran bats poses element homology problems. Identity of individual teeth has been controversial, with authors differing in their assessment of individual tooth homology, particularly with respect to incisors and premolars, in several taxa. Also, newly described taxa exhibit dental formulae whose implications for tooth homology have been little discussed. We compared crown morphology, tooth replacement, and dental anomalies in representatives of all megachiropteran genera. Our observations confirm the generalized megachiropteran dental formula (34 teeth represented by I1, I2, C, P1, P3, P4, M1, M2, i1, i2, c, p1, p3, p4, m1, m2, and m3) and establishes the homology of each tooth in most megachiropteran taxa in which reduction in tooth number has taken place. Some of our conclusions confirm presumed homologies postulated by previous authors, but in other cases new homology assignments are proposed. Uncorroborated assignments are reduced to just two taxa, Harpyionycteris and Nyctimeninae, both of which remain problematic with respect to homologies of the incisor dentition. Mapping tooth presence/absence on previously published phylogenetic trees reveals modest levels of ambiguity and homoplasy in patterns of tooth reduction in Pteropodidae, and indicates that reversals involving the reappearance of an ancestrally lost tooth may have taken place. Our results are consistent with dental field theory, which explains both reversals and anomalies as a regulatory variation that does not affect element homology because the latter is supported by structural genes"
The chiropteran premaxilla : a reanalysis of morphological variation and its phylogenetic interpretation ; American Museum novitates, no. 3585 Giannini, Norberto P.; Simmons, Nancy B. Abstract: "The mammalian premaxilla, which bears the incisor teeth, is composed of a body and two processes (nasal and palatine) that articulate with other rostral bones via four cranial sutures. In bats, the premaxilla is modified in many ways, and this variation has been extensively used in bat systematics. The premaxilla has provided characters to diagnose a number of important taxonomic groupings--most notably, the division of Microchiroptera into the infraorders Yinochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. Recent molecular studies have challenged the monophyly of Microchiroptera, and several families have been transferred to clades other than those in which they were placed traditionally. Because premaxillary characters have figured prominently among those used to establish the traditional classification of bats, we compared the anatomy of the bone across suprageneric bat groups and provide revised descriptions of its variation. On the basis of extensive material examined, we generated 16 new characters, of which at least 12 are partially applicable to all Chiroptera, and several of which are informative within specific bat groups. Three new characters code variation in the basic structure of the chiropteran premaxilla in a new way. As a result, the traditional character defining Yinochiroptera (a 'movable premaxilla') was found to lack an anatomical basis; by contrast, Yangochiroptera was still supported. Still, a tree search using just the new premaxillary characters recovered Yinochiroptera as monophyletic. Even with a low character-to-taxon ratio, premaxillary characters recover a number of clades recognized in recent phylogenetic studies of bats. Mapping of characters onto the latest molecular and morphological chiropteran trees required many more extra steps in the former than in the latter. Our interpretation of premaxillary variation in bats suggests two opposing trends in different lineages: one toward weakening and eventual loss of the bone, and the other toward a strengthening via suture fusion. We conclude that, despite some homoplasy, the chiropteran premaxilla is richer in potentially phylogenetically informative characters than previously thought and that it should be explored further in systematic studies of bats at a variety of systematic levels" 2007
Pacific flying foxes (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : two new species of Pteropus from Samoa, probably extinct. (American Museum novitates, no. 3646) Helgen, K. M. (Kristofer M.); Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. Date: 2009 Two new species of flying foxes (genus Pteropus) from the Samoan archipelago are described on the basis of modern museum specimens collected in the mid-19th century. A medium-sized species (P. allenorum, n. sp.) is introduced from the island of Upolu (Independent Samoa), based on a specimen collected in 1856 and deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It has not been collected again, and we regard it as almost certainly extinct. This species is smaller bodied and has much smaller teeth than both extant congeners recorded in the contemporary fauna of Samoa (Pteropus samoensis and P. tonganus). The closest relative of this new species may be Pteropus fundatus of northern Vanuatu. The disjunct historical distribution of these two small-toothed flying foxes (in Vanuatu and Samoa) suggests that similar species may have been more extensively distributed in the remote Pacific in the recent past. Another species, a very large flying fox with large teeth (P. coxi, n. sp.), is described from two skulls collected in Samoa in 1839-1841 during the U.S. Exploring Expedition; it too has not been collected since. This robust species resembles Pteropus samoensis and Pteropus anetianus of Vanuatu in craniodental conformation but is larger than other Polynesian Pteropus, and in some features it is ecomorphologically convergent on the Pacific monkey-faced bats (the pteropodid genera Pteralopex and Mirimiri). On the basis of eyewitness reports from the early 1980s, it is possible that this species survived until recent decades, or is still extant. These two new Samoan species join Pteropus tokudae of Guam, P. pilosus of Palau, P. subniger of the Mascarenes, and P. brunneus of coastal north-eastern Australia as flying foxes with limited insular distributions that survived at least until the 19th century but are now most likely extinct.
The use of molecular phylogenetic and morphological tools to identify cryptic and paraphyletic species : examples from the diminutive long-fingered bats (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae, Miniopterus) on Madagascar. (American Museum novitates, no. 3669) Goodman, Steven M.; Maminirina, Claudette P.; Bradman, Helen M.; Christidis, Les.; Appleton, Belinda. Date: 2009 Based on nearly complete (1125 bp) cytochrome-b sequence data and morphological characters, two new endemic species of Miniopterus are described from Madagascar that were previously identified as M. manavi. Using phylogenetic analysis, the basal nodes of major lineages in the Malagasy members of this genus are weakly supported, while, in most cases, the branches leading to each of the clades are well resolved. Miniopterus mahafaliensis, new species, occurs in the southwestern semidesert areas and M. brachytragos, new species, has a broad distribution across the northern half of the island, ranging across several different biomes. Phylogenetic inference indicates that these two new taxa are not closely related to M. manavi sensu stricto, with average genetic distances of 9.2% and 5.7% from this taxon, respectively. On the basis of this and previous revisions, the former M. manavi complex is now recognized to represent at least five taxa, which do not form a monophyletic group with respect to one another, and represent extraordinary examples of convergent evolution. Miniopterus brachytragos is closely related to the recently named M. aelleni, while M. mahafaliensis is not closely associated with any of these species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was imperative to resolve the species limits of these taxa and morphology then provided the means to corroborate the recovered clades. There are localities on the island, specifically limestone karstic zones, where four species of the former M. manavi sensu lato complex occur in strict sympatry. These species often use the same day-roost caves and have similar external and craniodental measurements. This raises intriguing questions as to how these animals divide their worlds with regard to dietary regimes and foraging strategies, as well as their speciation history. 2009
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